Mucus is the biological hydrogel that lines the mucosal surfaces of mammals and acts as a protective barrier. Its main proteinaceous component is mucin, the high molecular weight, degree of glycosylation, and hardly uniquely defined nature of which hamper precise structures/property investigations based on biological samples. In contrast, chemically precisely defined peptide model systems inspired by such natural glycoproteins represent synthetically readily obtainable tools with excellent properties for both fundamental research and biomedical applications. Herein, we report the design and characterization of a library of histidine- and monosaccharide-containing coiled coil peptides that form hydrogels to different degrees in the presence of divalent metal ions Cu2+, Zn2+, Ca2+, and Fe2+. Using rheology, circular dichroism, and transmission electron microscopy, we determined the viscoelastic properties and global structures of these glycopeptide materials. This study reflects the interplay between glycan identity, histidine position, and divalent metal ion on the mechanical strength of these hydrogels.

In the present work of intellect, we introduce a novel approach to selfhood, the Onto-Rhythmic Self, situated within a participatory ontology in which Consciousness and Time function not as substrates but as expressive modalities of Being. Through a comparative critique of Husserl’s transcendental ego and Dennett’s narrative self, we classify four axes of limitation: the Who of subjectivity, the How of temporal articulation, the What of ontological grounding, and the Why of existential necessity. To address such lacunae, we use a multi-layered method combining comparative ontological analysis, phenomenological reflection, and expressive mapping. Such a method discloses the limitations of synthesis (Husserl) and simulation (Dennett) and instead articulate the self as a modulatory field of Being—a dynamic site where rhythm, resonance, and relational articulation converge. The outcome features that the Onto-Rhythmic Self is neither a transcendental subject nor a computational fiction, but an ontological inscription that discloses across neural, cultural, ecological, and quantum strata. Its implications extend across domains: philosophically, it reframes individuation as ontic emergence; clinically, it reorients therapy toward rhythmic re-attunement; and artistically, it reconceives creation as ontological modulation rather than symbolic representation. By restoring depth, relational presence, and semantic coherence to the discourse on selfhood, through the Onto-Rhythmic Self, we add a structurally rigorous and experientially faithful grammar of consciousness, which is a new mode of listening to the rhythm of Being.

We present an overview of the Naypyitaw station (NPW) in Myanmar, which is managed by the Department of Meteorology and Hydrology (DMH) and is part of the GEOFON (GE) network ( 10.5281/zenodo.15921214 , ). The station is equipped with both strong-motion and broadband sensors and is situated 2.6 km from the Sagaing Fault, providing an exceptional near-fault recording of the Mw 7.7 earthquake that occurred on 28 March 2025. The installation and ongoing maintenance of NPW are the result of a collaborative effort between DMH and the GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), prompted by the GFZ International Training Course on seismology and seismic hazard assessment (ITC) in 2016. In this study, we provide background information on the collaborative effort that led to the installation of the only station providing near-fault, on-scale measurements of the 2025 Myanmar earthquake. Given the widespread interest in the data recorded by the station, we describe the instrumental settings in detail and how to access data and metadata for station NPW. Given the relevance of the near-fault recordings at NPW not only for constraining the rupture process of the mainshock but also for engineering seismology applications, we analyze key features of the mainshock from an engineering seismology perspective. This includes an examination of ground motion amplitudes, frequency content, response spectra, and near-fault effects such as the fling effect and pulse-like motion. The high-quality near-field data at NPW provide valuable information for seismic hazard assessment in the region and offer useful constraints for studies investigating the rupture characteristics of the mainshock, which preliminary findings suggest propagated at supershear speed.

Neuroinflammation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer`s disease (AD). Brain macrophage populations differentially modulate the immune response to AD pathology according to the disease stage. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is known to play a protective role in AD and has been postulated as a putative therapeutic target. Whether, and to which extent TREM2 expression can be modulated in the aged macrophage population of the brain is unknown, emphasizing the need for a human, patient-specific model. Using cells from AD patients and matched controls (CO) we designed an assay based on monocyte-derived macrophages to mimic brain-infiltrating macrophages and to assess the individualized TREM2 synthesis in vitro. We systematically assessed the effects of short-term (acute—2 days) and long-term (chronic—10 days) M1- (LPS), M2- (IL-10, IL-4, TGF-β), and M0- (vehicle) macrophage differentiation on TREM2 synthesis. Moreover, the effects of retinoic acid (RA), a putative TREM2 modulator, on individualized TREM2 synthesis were assessed. We report increased TREM2 synthesis after acute M2- compared to M1-differentiation in CO- but not AD-derived cells. Chronic M2- and M0-differentiation however resulted in an increase of TREM2 synthesis in both AD- and CO-derived cells while chronic M1-differentiation increased TREM2 in AD-derived cells only. Moreover, chronic M2- and M0-differentiation improved the amyloid-β (Aβ) uptake of the CO-derived whereas M1-differentiation of the AD-derived cells. Interestingly, RA-treatment did not modulate TREM2. In the age of personalized medicine, our individualized model could be used to screen for potential drug-mediated treatment responses in vitro.

Purpose Facial clefts belong to the most common congenital malformations and their prenatal diagnosis is a constant challenge. The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of prenatal ultrasound in correctly classifying facial clefts. Furthermore, we aimed to specify the distribution of the type of clefts and underlying genetic conditions.

Methods All fetuses seen with suspected facial cleft in the Department of Obstetrics, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin during a period of 23 years (1999–2022) were included in this retrospective study. Clefts were classified according to the classification of Nyberg. All additional prenatal findings were assessed and correlated with the outcome. The accuracy of prenatal diagnosis was assessed.

Results 292 patients were included in the study. The most common type of clefts were unilateral cleft lip and palate (CL-P) (53.6%) and bilateral CL-P (30.6%), followed by CL (8.1%), CP (5.1%) and median CL-P (2.6%). The overall pre- and postnatal concordance rate corresponding to a correct prenatal diagnosis was high, 88.9%, ranging from 73.7% (CL) to 93.7% (unilateral CL-P). Most of the median clefts (95.2%) and CP (93.3%) were associated with other sonographic abnormalities, as well as 52.2% of bilateral CL-P. Chromosomal abnormalities, mostly trisomy 13 and trisomy 18, were observed in in the median CL-P (47.6%), bilateral CL-P (31.1%) and CP (26.7%) groups, in contrast to the CL (9.1%) and unilateral CL-P (12.9%) groups. It was exceptional to have a chromosomal abnormality without additional malformations (4.8%). The mortality rate including one late miscarriage, 5 IUFD’s, 74 TOPs and 6 palliative cares at birth was 29.8%, particularly high for median clefts (90.5%).

Conclusion Prenatal ultrasound exhibited a high accuracy to assess the type of facial clefts with an average rate of 88.9% (73.7%–93.7%) and a concordance rate of up to 93.7%, depending on the type of cleft. The search for additional malformations as well as clarifying underlying genetic conditions is essential. This allows for a targeted counseling of the parents and to best prepare for postnatal care, including surgery by the maxillofacial team.

Acculturation and acculturative stress are potential risk factors for adverse perinatal outcomes. This study investigates whether and how acculturative stress affects preterm birth (PTB) in a sample of migrant women in Berlin. We interviewed 955 women who recently gave birth using standardized questionnaires (Frankfurt Acculturation Scale and Acculturative Stress Index). Multivariable logistic regression analyses assessed the effects of acculturation and acculturative stress on PTB. Women with migrant backgrounds did not have significantly higher PTB rates than German natives. First-generation migrants experienced higher acculturative stress levels than second-generation migrants, 38.8% vs. 13.2%. Acculturative stress could not be identified as a risk factor for PTB in our sample. These results need to be considered in the context of an international city and the wide use of antenatal care services in our population, which could be responsible for similarly good perinatal outcomes and highlights the potential of good access to perinatal care for vulnerable groups.

We evaluated whether the sheep constitutes a useful translational model to evaluate anatomical and surgical aspects of cesarean delivery (CD) from a human medical perspective with the aim of both maternal and neonatal well-being. Our hypothesis was that CD in contraction-free ewes is not associated with major complications. Primary endpoint was the transferability of anatomical conditions and surgical techniques of CD from the ewe to the human. Secondary endpoints were maternal and fetal survival, occurrence of retained fetal membranes, metritis, mastitis, or wound infections. Forty-eight Merino ewes were delivered by CD after 95% gestation (142-144 days). Both ewes and newborn lambs were cared for intensively after the delivery. Ovine uterine anatomy during CD appeared slightly different but comparable to the human uterus. Uterine incisions were mostly performed in the uterine horns, not in the uterine corpus. The ovine uterine wall is thinner than in humans. All ewes survived without any major complications. Seventy-seven (88.5%) out of 87 live-born lambs survived without any complications. The contraction-free ewe constitutes an appropriate and safe model to evaluate anatomical and surgical aspects of CD from a human medical perspective. We present a step-by-step manual for successfully planned cesarean delivery for sheep including the perioperative management illustrated with photographs and a five-minute video. With adequate planning and a reasonable number of staff, it is possible to safeguard both maternal and neonatal survival. This sustainable translational medicine model offers additional potential for the offspring to be used for further research studies (e.g., transgenerational inheritance research).

Purpose The present study assesses long-term overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) after curative resection for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICCA) depending on resection margin (RM) status and lymph node (LN) status.

Methods Clinical data of all consecutively resected patients with ICCA at a single high-volume center between 2005 and 2018 were collected. Minimum follow-up was 36 months. Perioperative and long-term oncological outcome was assessed.

Results One hundred ninety-two cases were included in the analysis. Thirty- and 90-day-mortality was 5.2% (n = 10) and 10.9% (n = 21). OS was 26 months with 1-, 2-, and 5-year-OS rates of 72%, 53%, and 26%. One-, 2-, and 5-year-DFS rates were 54%, 42%, and 35% (N0 vs. N1: 29 vs. 9 months, p = 0.116). R1 was not found to be an independent risk factor for reduced survival in the overall cohort (p = 0.098). When differentiating according to the LN status, clear resection margins were significantly associated with increased DFS for N0 cases (50 months vs. 9 months, p = 0.004). For N1 cases, no significant difference in DFS was calculated for R0 compared to R1 cases (9 months vs. 9 months, p = 0.88). For N0 cases, clear resection margins > 10 mm were associated with prolonged OS (p = 0.048).

Conclusion For N1 cases, there was no significant survival benefit when comparing R0 versus R1, while the complication rate remained high for the extended resection types. In view of merging multimodal treatment, the hilar first concept assesses locoregional LN status for optimal surgical therapy.

Purpose Numerical phantom methods are widely used in the development of medical imaging methods. They enable quantitative evaluation and direct comparison with controlled and known ground truth information. Cardiac magnetic resonance has the potential for a comprehensive evaluation of the mitral valve (MV). The goal of this work is the development of a numerical simulation framework that supports the investigation of MRI imaging strategies for the mitral valve.

Methods We present a pipeline for synthetic image generation based on the combination of individual anatomical 3D models with a position-based dynamics simulation of the mitral valve closure. The corresponding images are generated using modality-specific intensity models and spatiotemporal sampling concepts. We test the applicability in the context of MRI imaging strategies for the assessment of the mitral valve. Synthetic images are generated with different strategies regarding image orientation (SAX and rLAX) and spatial sampling density.

Results The suitability of the imaging strategy is evaluated by comparing MV segmentations against ground truth annotations. The generated synthetic images were compared to ones acquired with similar parameters, and the result is promising. The quantitative analysis of annotation results suggests that the rLAX sampling strategy is preferable for MV assessment, reaching accuracy values that are comparable to or even outperform literature values.

Conclusion The proposed approach provides a valuable tool for the evaluation and optimization of cardiac valve image acquisition. Its application to the use case identifies the radial image sampling strategy as the most suitable for MV assessment through MRI.

Uncertainty about input factors and potential outcomes characterize almost any business-relevant decision. By using signals about uncertainty such as historical performance volatility (temporal volatility) as inputs, investors adjust their expectation about future firm value. This decision calculus has found broad empirical support concerning the temporal volatility of financial performance. However, concerning the temporal volatility of nonfinancial performance, research offers only limited insights. This study addresses this research gap. Two observational studies (N1 = 513 and N2 = 348) provide empirical evidence that investors downweigh changes in nonfinancial performance—measured as brand perception in one study and customer satisfaction in the other—when updating their beliefs about future firm value (as reflected by stock returns) if the volatility of historical nonfinancial performance is high.

Mammals tightly regulate their core body temperature, yet how cells sense and respond to small temperature changes remains incompletely understood. Here, we discover RNA G-quadruplexes (rG4s) as key thermosensors enriched near splice sites of cold-repressed exons. These thermosensing RNA structures, when stabilized, mask splice sites, reducing exon inclusion. Specifically, rG4s near splice sites of a cold-repressed poison exon in the neuroprotective RBM3 are stabilized at low temperatures, leading to exon exclusion. This enables evasion of nonsense-mediated decay, increasing RBM3 expression at cold. Importantly, stabilizing rG4 through increasing intracellular potassium with an FDA-approved potassium channel blocker, mimics the hypothermic effect on alternative splicing, thereby increasing RBM3 expression, leading to RBM3-dependent neuroprotection in a mouse model of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Our findings unveil a mechanism how mammalian RNAs directly sense temperature and potassium perturbations, integrating them into gene expression programs. This opens new avenues for treating diseases arising from splicing defects and disorders benefiting from therapeutic hypothermia, especially hemorrhagic stroke.

Background

Edema disease (ED) in swine, usually caused by certain Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (EDEC) in the first few weeks after weaning, has a high mortality rate in affected piglets and can lead to high economic losses in rearing. In the published first part of the study, we found EDEC in 37.4% of all investigated farms keeping weaned piglets in Germany [1]. In this part of the project, we analyzed risk factors for the presence of EDEC on those farms by using an interview-based questionnaire. Results

During the interview, data on farm structure and performance, health status of weaned piglets, farm management as well as feeding and water supply were collected from the farm managers. Univariable analyses using either cross tabulation and a 2-sided Fisher´s exact test (FET) or a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) identified factors potentially associated with farm-level EDEC presence. Multivariable logistic regression models (outcome: farm positive for EDEC) as well as negative binomial regression models (outcome: number of pens per farm positive for EDEC) were used to identify final risk factors. Higher age of piglets at the beginning of pre-starter feeding (in the farrowing area) increased the EDEC risk. Significantly, the risk increased for those farms that did not provide a pre-starter to the piglets until after day ten of life (odds ratio 4.64; p-value 0.015). The use of certain vaccines (STEC, Lawsonia intracellularis and Clostridium spp.) also yielded significant results. Farms with higher weaning weights and higher weights at the end of the flat deck period had a higher risk of EDEC presence, whereas the results in relation to weaning age were inconclusive. Conclusions

Many variables that are considered risk factors for ED have already been excluded due to lack of significance after univariable analysis. Nevertheless, early feeding of a pre-starter in the farrowing area seems to reduce the risk of detecting EDEC in weaned piglets, as well as it seems beneficial for farms to vaccinate sows against Clostridium spp. Our study also showed a higher risk of EDEC detection for farms with superior performance/ high piglet weights. The influence of the weaning age may be the subject of further investigations.

Objective

This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial investigated the therapeutic efficacy of pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy in dogs diagnosed with chronic osteoarthritis (OA).

Methods

Twenty-one dogs with radiographically confirmed OA in at least one limb were randomized into treatment (n = 10) and placebo (n = 11) groups. PEMF therapy was administered over six weeks. Gait symmetry indices for peak vertical force and vertical impulse were assessed using kinetic analysis at baseline (Day 0), mid-treatment (Day 21), and post-treatment (Day 42). Lameness and pain scores, additional treatments, and dropout rates were recorded. Owners completed the Liverpool Osteoarthritis in Dogs (LOAD) questionnaire at each time point. An Overall Treatment Effectiveness (OTE) score was computed based on objective and subjective outcomes.

Results

PEMF-treated dogs exhibited significant improvements in gait symmetry by Day 42 (p = 0.030). LOAD scores declined steadily in the treatment group, although no statistically significant differences were observed between groups. This trend may suggest a potential reduction in pain and improvement in mobility. No significant between-group differences were found for the OTE score.

Conclusion

PEMF therapy appears to be a safe, non-invasive, and potentially effective adjunctive or stand-alone modality for the management of pain and mobility impairment associated with osteoarthritis in dogs. Further research is warranted to confirm long-term efficacy and optimize treatment protocols.

Background and Objective OnabotulinumtoxinA (BoNTA) is a relatively safe and effective treatment for chronic migraine. The local mode of action of BoNTA favors the combination of oral treatments with systemic action. However, little is known about the possible interactions with other preventive treatments. The objective of the study was to describe the use of oral preventive treatments in patients with chronic migraine treated with BoNTA in routine clinical care and discuss the tolerability and efficacy according to the presence or absence of concomitant oral treatments.

Methods In this multicenter, observational, retrospective, cohort study, we collected data from patients with chronic migraine receiving prophylactic treatment with BoNTA. Patients were eligible if aged ≥18 years, diagnosed with chronic migraine according to the International Classification of Headache Disorders, Third Edition criteria, and treated with BoNTA according to the PREEMPT paradigm. We documented the proportion of patients with at least one concomitant treatment prescribed specifically for migraine (CT+M) and their side effects during four BoNTA treatment cycles. Additionally, we collected monthly headache days and monthly acute medication days from the patients’ headache diaries. Patients with CT+M were compared to those without concomitant treatment (CT−) using a nonparametric approach.

Results Our cohort included 181 patients taking BoNTA, of whom 77 (42.5%) received a CT+M. The most frequently prescribed concomitant treatments were antidepressants and antihypertensive drugs. Side effects in the CT+M group occurred in 14 patients (18.2%). Only in three of them (3.9%), the side effects had a significant interference with the patient’s functioning (all in topiramate 200-mg/day users). Both CT+M and CT− groups had a significant reduction in monthly headache days of respectively − 6 (95% confidence interval − 9, − 3; p < 0.001; w = 0.200) during cycle 4 compared with baseline versus − 9 (95% confidence interval − 13, −6; p < 0.001; w = 0.469). However, the reduction in monthly headache days was significantly smaller in patients with CT+M after the fourth treatment cycle compared with patients with CT− (p = 0.004).

Conclusions Prescription of oral concomitant preventive treatment is common in patients with chronic migraine receiving BoNTA. We did not identify any unexpected safety or tolerability issues in patients receiving BoNTA and a CT+M. However, patients with a CT+M experienced a smaller reduction in monthly headache days when compared with those with CT−, which might be associated with a higher resistance to treatment in that subgroup of patients.

Subdiffusion is a hallmark of complex systems, ranging from protein folding to transport in viscoelastic media. However, despite its pervasiveness, the mechanistic origins of subdiffusion remain contested. Here, we analyze both Markovian and non-Markovian dynamics, in the presence and absence of energy barriers, in order to disentangle the distinct contributions of memory-dependent friction and energy barriers to the emergence of subdiffusive behavior. Focusing on the mean squared displacement (MSD), we develop an analytical framework that connects subdiffusion to multi-scale memory effects in the generalized Langevin equation (GLE), and derive the subdiffusive scaling behavior of the MSD for systems governed by multi-exponential memory kernels. We identify persistence and relaxation timescales that delineate dynamical regimes in which subdiffusion arises from either memory or energy barrier effects. By comparing analytical predictions with simulations, we confirm that memory dominates the overdamped dynamics for barrier heights up to approximately 2 kBT, a regime recently shown to be relevant for fast-folding proteins. Overall, our results advance the theoretical understanding of anomalous diffusion and provide practical tools that are broadly applicable to fields as diverse as molecular biophysics, polymer physics, and active matter systems.

Background

In many animals, survival during infection depends on the ability to coordinate interactions between the host immune system and gut microbiota. These tripartite interactions, in turn, potentially shape pathogen virulence evolution. A key regulator of the immune system and, hence, bipartite interactions in insects is the immune deficiency (Imd) pathway, which modulates gut microbiota and pathogens by synthesizing antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) through the NF-κB transcription factor Relish. However, whether Imd-dependent AMPs mediate indirect interactions between gut microbiota and pathogens in a tripartite context remains unclear. Using RNAi-mediated knockdown of Tenebrio molitor Relish (TmRelish), we hypothesized that Imd-dependent AMPs influence indirect interaction between Providencia burhodogranariea_B (P. b_B) infection and the gut microbiota.

Results

TmRelish knockdown altered bipartite interactions by disrupting gut microbiota load and composition, increasing pathogen load, and ultimately leading to higher host mortality during infection. However, we did not find support for our tripartite hypothesis that Imd-dependent AMPs mediate indirect interactions between the gut microbiota and P. b_B infection, suggesting the involvement of alternative regulatory pathways or Imd-independent mechanisms. Nevertheless, our investigations of tripartite interactions showed a positive effect of P. b_B infection on gut microbiota load, which in turn stimulated the expression of a subset of AMPs. However, this upregulation of AMPs did not result in reduced P. b_B load. Notably, the gut microbiota did not affect pathogen load but promoted host survival during P. b_B infection, indicating a role in increasing host tolerance rather than resistance.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that while Imd-dependent AMPs may not mediate tripartite interactions in our system, microbiota-host interactions, such as microbiota-mediated immune priming and changes in microbiota load, can shape infection outcomes. These effects on infection outcomes almost certainly exert important selective pressures on the evolution of bacterial virulence.

Refugees are a marginalized population with high risk for trauma-related psychological distress, however, they face significant barriers to mental health care, calling for accessible e-mental health interventions. While a growing body of literature points to the relevance of societal stressors like discrimination impacting refugees’ everyday life and mental health, this has so far rarely been considered in interventional approaches. This mixed-method study provides quantitative data on the experience of racial discrimination and microaggressions and their relation to psychological distress among a sample of refugees in Germany. This is followed up by a qualitative assessment on their needs and expectations concerning a discrimination-sensitive e-mental health app. The sample of n = 44 refugees (mean age = 32.9 years, SD = 10.90; 74.4% Syrian) exhibited high levels of psychological distress with 45% reporting severe levels of depression and anxiety and 70% above the cut-off for PTSD symptoms. Racism was commonly experienced, with 59.1% of participants reporting everyday racial discrimination due to their race, and 50% due to their nationality/origin. Feelings of inferiority and similarity were the most prevalent forms of perceived racial microaggressions. Experiences of racism and microaggressions were significantly related to psychological distress (r = .32 – 0.53). Qualitative analysis identified key sub-themes for app development: participation, anonymity, a validating and discrimination-sensitive approach, cultural sensitivity, embracing diversity, education/awareness, and access. Subgroup analysis revealed that those more burdened by racial discrimination prioritized a discrimination-sensitive and participatory approach, while less burdened participants emphasized anonymity and educational aspects. These findings underscore the importance of incorporating a tailored and discrimination-sensitive approach in e-mental health apps to support refugees burdened by racial discrimination.

Transition metal phosphates (TMPs) are extensively explored for electrochemical and catalytical applications due to their structural versatility and chemical stability. Within this material class, novel high-entropy metal phosphates (HEMPs)─containing multiple transition metals combined into a single-phase structure─are particularly promising, as their compositional complexity can significantly enhance functional properties. However, the discovery of suitable HEMP compositions is hindered by the vast compositional design space and complex or very specific synthesis conditions. Here, we present a data-driven strategy combining automated wet-chemical synthesis with a Sequential Learning App for Materials Discovery (SLAMD) framework (Random Forest regression model) to efficiently explore and optimize HEMP compositions. Using a limited set of initial experiments, we identified multimetal compositions in a single-phase crystalline solid. The model successfully predicted a novel Co0.3Ni0.3Fe0.2Cd0.1Mn0.1 phosphate octahydrate phase, validated experimentally, demonstrating the effectiveness of the machine learning approach. This work highlights the potential of integrating automated synthesis platforms with data-driven algorithms to accelerate the discovery of high-entropy materials, offering an efficient design pathway to advanced functional materials.

The reaction of tetraethylammonium polychlorides or polybromides in propionitrile with substoichiometric amounts of diluted fluorine at low temperatures leads to the non-classical interhalogen compounds [NEt4][F(X2)3] (X = Cl and Br). These compounds are the first examples of anions containing a central μ6 fluoride anion, which is octahedrally surrounded by Br2 or Cl2 units, respectively. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction revealed that these compounds crystallize in the cubic system with every fluoride anion bridged by halogen units, resulting in a 3D network. Furthermore, single-crystal Raman and IR spectra were measured, and investigations using solid-state calculations were carried out.