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| The Shigar Microcosm Kreutzmann, Hermann |
| Haupttitel | The Shigar Microcosm |
| Titelzusatz | Socio-economic Investigations in a Karakoram Oasis, Northern Areas of Pakistan |
| Autor | Kreutzmann, Hermann [Hrsg.]; Schmidt, Matthias [Hrsg.]; Benz, Andreas [Hrsg.] |
| Seitenzahl | X, 153 S. |
| Schriftenreihe | Occasional papers Geographie ; 35 |
| Fachbereich/Einrichtung | FB Geowissenschaften |
| Arbeitsbereich/Institut | Institut für Geographische Wissenschaften |
| Erscheinungsjahr | 2008 |
| Dokumente | PDF-Dokument
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| Freie Schlagwörter | Karakoram; Baltistan; Pakistan; Mountain Studies; Mountain Agriculture; Socio-economic Change |
| DDC | 900 Geschichte und Geografie 300 Sozialwissenschaften |
| Dokumententyp/-Sammlungen | Forschungsbericht |
| Medientyp/Format | Text |
| Abstract | This report on the Shigar microcosm aimed at an improved knowledge base and an enhanced understanding and interpretation of development processes and transformations in high mountain oases. Shigar is a prime example for the quest of increasing our knowledge. Visitors to the region very often bypass Shigar on route to their quest for high peaks of the Karakoram which abound in the upper valley. Previous research efforts go back to colonial times when linguists and historians tried to gain a comprehensive knowledge of the culture and living conditions in the remote corners of the mountain belt. After independence scattered research projects were randomly executed. One of the more prominent efforts was the joint Pak-German Research Project “Culture Area Karakoram” in the early 1990s. During the multi-disciplinary programme sponsored by the German Research Council (DFG) Shigar became one of the target areas for a number of researchers. The nexus of research and implementation was emphasised on in the aftermath. Of great importance for regional development in itself became governmental and non-governmental activities aiming at improved infrastructure, education, health services, cultural heritage and economic enterprises. These activities have grown in recent years. In the framework of implementing development packages the need for background information and baseline surveys became ubiquitous. Planning without sound foundation is an awkward affair. Therefore all development agencies have devoted more efforts in recent years towards research and data gathering. Cooperation between academia and practice has become unavoidable and is fortunately growing. This felt need was the driving force for the joint effort that was suggested by IUCN last year when a team from our research cell was invited to do a socio-economic survey of Shigar oasis. The Centre for Development Studies at the Freie Universitaet Berlin is part of the Geographic Sciences and in that capacity students are trained in executing fieldwork. Taking up the offer by IUCN we devoted and organised a two-semester course to prepare for fieldwork in Shigar and to evaluate the gathered data. The modest results of this undertaking are humbly presented herewith. |
| Inhalt | Content 1. LAND USE IN SHIGAR 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Methods and implementation 1 1.3 Results 2 1.3.1 Present state of land use in Shigar Proper 2 1.3.2 The cropping system 4 1.3.3 Spatial structure of land use 6 1.3.4 Impact of animal husbandry on livelihood 7 1.4 Conclusion 9 2. BUILT ENVIRONMENT: CHANGES IN THE SHIGAR OASIS 11 2.1 Introduction and research concept 11 2.2 Methodology 12 2.3 Built environment of Shigar 13 2.4 Construction activities in Shigar 19 2.4.1 Reasons for new constructions 21 2.4.2 Choice of settlement area 21 2.4.3 Reconstruction activities by IUCN 23 2.5 Conclusion 26 3. INFRASTRUCTURE IN SHIGAR 27 3.1 Introduction and research concept 27 3.2 Traffic infrastructure 28 3.3 Public power grid 31 3.4 Telecommunication infrastructure 32 3.5 Conclusions and recommendations 34 4. ENERGY SUPPLY IN SHIGAR: ORGANISATION AND CHALLENGES 35 4.1 Introduction and methods applied 35 4.2 Utilisation of energy resources 35 4.2.1 Sources of energy 36 4.2.2 Expenses on energy 37 4.2.3 Energy expenses and consumption related to income 39 4.2.4 Challenges of energy supply 41 4.3 Hydroelectric power plant 41 4.4 Discussion and conclusion 43 5. IRRIGATION IN SHIGAR 45 5.1 Introduction and research question 45 5.2 Methods applied 45 5.3 Results 45 5.3.1 Introduction 46 5.3.2 Physical irrigation system 47 5.3.3 Water rights documents and oral tradition 49 5.3.4 Distribution ratio and rotating system 49 5.3.5 Construction and maintenance 51 5.3.6 Financing 52 5.3.7 Disputes 52 5.3.8 Institutional structure 52 5.3.9 Changes and new findings 53 5.3.10 Challenges and recommendations 54 5.4 Conclusion 55 6. WATER MANAGEMENT: DRINKING WATER ACCESS IN SHIGAR 56 6.1 Introduction and research question 56 6.2 Methodical implementation 56 6.3 Water supply systems 57 6.3.1 General water supply system 57 6.3.2 WASEP 58 6.3.3 AKCSP 59 6.4 Public water taps 60 6.4.1 Physical condition of public water taps 60 6.4.2 Reliability of water supply 62 6.5 Private water taps 66 6.6 Other sources of drinking water 67 6.6.1 Chudongs 67 6.6.2 Irrigation canals 69 6.6.3 Bottled water 69 6.7 Water quality 70 6.7.1 Bacteriological contamination 70 6.7.2 Perceptions of the local people 71 6.8 Impacts on public health 71 6.9 Discussion and conclusions 72 7. PROPERTY RIGHTS IN SHIGAR: A GENDER-RELATED SURVEY 76 7.1 Research interest 76 7.2 Methodology 77 7.3 Findings 78 7.3.1 Legal situation and customary practices 78 7.3.2 Ownership of land and other resources 80 7.3.3 Aspects influencing the division of property 81 7.3.4 Conflicts and conflict solutions 82 7.3.5 Women’s mobility 86 7.3.6 The decision-making power 90 7.3.7 Division of labour 90 7.4 Conclusion 92 8. TRADE AND COMMERCE IN SHIGAR 95 8.1 Subject of enquiry 95 8.2 Methods 95 8.3 Branches and products 96 8.3.1 Spatial extension of the bazaar area 96 8.3.2 Different types of business 96 8.4 Market situation 99 8.5 Annual needs 100 8.6 Directions of trade 102 8.7 Development of prices 103 8.8 Social settings and working conditions 104 8.9 Conclusions 105 9. FORMAL EDUCATION IN SHIGAR 106 9.1 Introduction 106 9.2 Design and objective of the study 106 9.3 Methodology 107 9.4 Results of the field visit 108 9.4.1 General findings 108 9.4.2 Teacher-student ratio 111 9.4.3 Qualification of teachers 112 9.4.4 Availability of teacher training and refresher courses 113 9.4.5 Availability of teaching material 114 9.4.6 Teaching and learning environment 115 9.4.7 The school’s contribution to students’ nutrition and enhanced motivation 117 9.4.8 Support from government, community and parents 117 9.4.9 Drop-out rate and school persistence rate 118 9.5 The state of education in Shigar 120 9.5.1 Current status of education in Shigar 120 9.5.2 Trends of education in Shigar 123 9.5.3 Student population of Shigar 125 9.5.4 Education and occupation 126 9.5.5 Migration and absent population of Shigar 128 9.6 Conclusion 128 10. REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING 134 11. GLOSSARY, ABBREVIATIONS AND MEASUREMENT UNITS 141 12. ANNEX 144 Annex A 144 Annex B 145 |
| Sprache | Englisch |
| Rechte | Nutzungsbedingungen |
| Zugriffstatistik | |
| Statische URL | http://edocs.fu-berlin.de/docs/receive/FUDOCS_document_000000000653 |
| Erstellt am | 16.12.2008 - 11:04:35 |
| Letzte Änderung | 19.08.2010 - 14:21:16 |
